Self-Assembled Molecules with Asymmetric Backbone for Highly Stable Binary Organic Solar Cells with 19.7 % Efficiency.

The hole-transporting material (HTM), poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS), is the most widely used material in the realization of high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the stability of PEDOT : PSS-based OSCs is quite poor, arising from its strong acidity and hygroscopicity. In addition, PEDOT : PSS has an absorption in the infrared region and high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, thus limiting the enhancement of short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc), respectively. Herein, two asymmetric self-assembled molecules (SAMs), namely BrCz and BrBACz, were designed and synthesized as HTM in binary OSCs based on the well-known system of PM6 : Y6, PM6 : eC9, PM6 : L8-BO, and D18 : eC9. Compared with BrCz, BrBACz shows larger dipole moment, deeper work function and lower surface energy. Moreover, BrBACz not only enhances photon harvesting in the active layer, but also minimizes voltage losses as well as improves interface charge extraction/ transport. Consequently, the PM6 : eC9-based binary OSC using BrBACz as HTM exhibits a champion efficiency of 19.70 % with a remarkable Jsc of 29.20 mA cm-2 and a Voc of 0.856 V, which is a record efficiency for binary OSCs so far. In addition, the unencapsulated device maintains 95.0 % of its original efficiency after 1,000 hours of storage at air ambient, indicating excellent long-term stability.

Processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua attenuates postpartum depression in rat model by regulating monoamines and hormones.

Background: Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is a traditional Chinese medicinal food herb which can regulate the liver and Qi, nourish the heart and blood, moisten the lungs and nourish the kidneys with the potential to treat emotional diseases. However, few studies have explored the effects of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua on postpartum depression. Therefore, we investigated whether processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua could improve postpartum depression in rat models by regulating monoamines and hormones. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal control (0.9%Nacl), Sham operation (0.9%Nacl), postpartum depression model (0.9%Nacl), fluoxetine (2.5 mg/kg Fluoxetine), low, medium and high dose of processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (2.5 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 10 g/kg) groups. Rats in these groups received drug intervention, and then subjected to Open-field test and Forced swimming test. Brain tissues and serum samples were collected and used to quantify levels of monoamines, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and serum Estradiol. The status of neuronal cells in hippocampus 1 region was examined through hematoxylin-eosin staining, whereas expression of estrogen receptor α and ß was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Rats in the model group showed decreased mobility time, the disorder of neuronal cells in hippocampus 1 area, and decreased concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine in brain tissue, norepinephrine and estradiol in serum as well as estrogen receptor α and ß expression. They also exhibited increased adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone and corticotropin releasing hormone in serum. However, the treatment with processed Polygonatum cyrtonem Hua or fluoxetine reversed the above abnormalities. Conclusion: The H group showed significant improvement in postpartum depression in rats, and processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua can be used as a developing drug for the prevention or treatment of depression.

Na2.5 Cr0.5 Zr0.5 Cl6 : A New Halide-Based Fast Sodium-Ion Conductor.

All-solid-state batteries employing solid electrolytes (SEs) have received widespread attention due to their high safety. Recently, lithium halides are intensively investigated as promising SEs while their sodium counterparts are less studied. Herein, a new sodium-ion conductor with a chemical formula of Na2.5 Cr0.5 Zr0.5 Cl6 is reported, which exhibits high room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.1 mS cm-1 with low migration energy barrier of ≈0.41 eV. Na2.5 Cr0.5 Zr0.5 Cl6 has a Fm-3m structure with 41.67 mol.% of cationic vacancies owing to the occupation of Cr (8.33 mol.%) and Zr (8.33 mol.%) ions at Na sites. Supercell calculations show that the lowest columbic energy configuration has Cr/Zr/V (where V is the vacancy) clusters in the structure. Nonetheless, the clusters have mixed effects on the sodium ion conduction pathway, based on the Bond Valence Energy Landscape calculation. A global 3D Na-ion transport percolation network can be revealed in the lowest energy supercell. Effective pathways are connected through the NaCl6 and VCl6 nodes. Besides, Raman spectroscopy and 23 Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy further prove the tunable structure of the SEs with different Cr to Zr ratios. The optimization between the concentration of Na+ and vacancies is crucial to create an improved network of Na+ diffusion channels.

RuOx Quantum Dots Loaded on Graphdiyne for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Here, a strategy to strengthen d-p orbital hybridization by fabricating π backbonding in the catalyst for efficient lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) conversion is reported. A special interface structure of RuOx quantum dots (QDs) anchored on graphdiyne (GDY) nanoboxes (RuOx QDs/GDY) is prepared to enable strong Ru-to-alkyne π backdonation, which effectively regulates the d-electron structures of Ru centers to promote the d-p orbital hybridization between the catalyst and LiPSs and significantly boosts the catalytic performance of RuOx QDs/GDY. The strong affinity with Li ions and fast Li-ion diffusion of RuOx QDs/GDY also enable ultrastable Li metal anodes. Thus, S@RuOx QDs/GDY cathodes exhibit excellent cycling performance under harsh conditions, and Li@RuOx QDs/GDY anodes show an ultralong cycling life over 8800 h without Li dendrite growth. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) full cells with S@RuOx QDs/GDY cathodes and Li@RuOx QDs/GDY anodes can deliver an impressive areal capacity of 17.8 mA h cm-2 and good cycling stability under the practical conditions of low negative-to-positive electrode capacity (N/P) ratio (N/P = 1.4), lean electrolyte (E/S = 3 µL mg-1 ), and high S mass loading (15.4 mg cm-2 ).

Nanoarchitectonics on Electrosynthesis and Assembly of Conjugated Metallopolymers.

In contrast to edge-on and face-on orientations, end-on uniaxial conjugated polymers have the theoretical possibility of providing a macroscopic crystalline film. However, their fabrication is insurmountable due to sluggishly thermodynamic equilibrium states. Herein, we report the programmatic pathway to fabricate nanoarchitectonics on end-on uniaxial conjugated metallopolymers by surface-initiated simultaneous electrosynthesis and assembly. Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with bottom-up oriented electroactive molecules as a temple allows orientation, stacking, and reactive addition of monomers triggered by switching alternative redox reactions as well as crystallization of small molecules. Repeating the same reaction can repair the unreactive site on the SAM and dynamically and statistically ensure maximum iterative coverage with ideal linear coefficients between optical or electrical responses and iterative times. The resulting nanoarchitectonics on uniaxially assembled end-on polymers over centimeter-sized areas have a subnanometer-uniform morphology and exhibit ultrahigh modulus as well as an inorganic indium tin oxides and the highest conductance among conjugated molecular monolayers. Their memristive devices provide quantitative electrical and optical responses as a function of molecular length, bias, and iterative junctions. Precise processing of nanoarchitectonics as an electrically assisted assembly or printing technique can present sophisticated optoelectric functions and dimensional batch-to-batch consistency for micro-sized organic materials and electronics.

Polyacrylonitrile Passivation for Enhancing the Optoelectronic Switching Performance of Halide Perovskite Memristor for Image Boolean Logic Applications.

For the CH3NH3PbI3-based optoelectronic memristor, the high ion-migration randomness induces high fluctuation in the resistive switching (RS) parameters. Grain boundaries (GBs) are well known as the ion-migration sites due to their low energy barrier. Herein, a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) passivation method is developed to reduce GBs of the CH3NH3PbI3 film and improve the switching uniformity of the memristor. The crystal grain size of CH3NH3PbI3 increases with the addition of PAN, and the corresponding number of GBs is consequently reduced. The fluctuations of the RS parameters of the memristor device are significantly reduced. With the memristor, nonvolatile image sensing, image memory, and image Boolean operations are demonstrated. This work proposes a strategy for developing high-performance CH3NH3PbI3 optoelectronic memristors.

Design and Simulation Analysis of a 3TnC MLC FeRAM Using a Nondestructive Readout and Offset-Canceled Sense Amplifier for High-Density Storage Applications.

Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based multi-level cell (MLC) ferroelectric random-access memory (FeRAM) has great potential for high-density storage applications. However, it is usually limited by the issues of a small operation margin and a large input offset. The study of circuit design and optimization for MLC FeRAM is necessary to solve these problems. In this work, we propose and simulate a configuration for a Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based 3TnC MLC FeRAM macro circuit, which also presents a high area efficiency of 12F2 for each bit. Eight polarization states can be distinguished in a single fabricated Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based memory device for potential MLC application, which is also simulated by a SPICE model for the subsequent circuit design. Therein, a nondestructive readout approach is adopted to expand the reading margin to 450 mV between adjacent storage levels, while a capacitorless offset-canceled sense amplifier (SA) is designed to reduce the offset voltage to 20 mV, which improves the readout reliability of multi-level states. Finally, a 4 Mb MLC FeRAM macro is simulated and verified using a GSMC 130 nm CMOS process. This study provides the foundation of circuit design for the practical fabrication of a Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based MLC FeRAM chip in the future, which also suggests its potential for high-density storage applications.

Self-powered and broadband opto-sensor with bionic visual adaptation function based on multilayer γ-InSe flakes.

Visual adaptation that can autonomously adjust the response to light stimuli is a basic function of artificial visual systems for intelligent bionic robots. To improve efficiency and reduce complexity, artificial visual systems with integrated visual adaptation functions based on a single device should be developed to replace traditional approaches that require complex circuitry and algorithms. Here, we have developed a single two-terminal opto-sensor based on multilayer γ-InSe flakes, which successfully emulated the visual adaptation behaviors with a new working mechanism combining the photo-pyroelectric and photo-thermoelectric effect. The device can operate in self-powered mode and exhibit good human-eye-like adaptation behaviors, which include broadband light-sensing image adaptation (from ultraviolet to near-infrared), near-complete photosensitivity recovery (99.6%), and synergetic visual adaptation, encouraging the advancement of intelligent opto-sensors and machine vision systems.

Dynamic 3D morphology of chick embryos and allantois depicted nondestructively by 3.0T clinical magnetic resonance imaging.

Driven by a global trend of applying replace-reduce-refine or 3Rs' guidance for experimental animals in life sciences, chick embryo and particularly allantois with its chorioallantoic membrane have been increasingly utilized to substitute laboratory animals, which call for more extensive and updated knowledge about this novel experimental setup. In this study, being noninvasive, nonionizing, and super-contrasting with high spatiotemporal resolutions, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was chosen as an imaging modality for in ovo monitoring morphologic evolution of the chick embryo, allantois, and chorioallantoic membrane longitudinally throughout embryonic day (ED) 1 until ED20. Cooled in 0°C ice bath for 60 min to reduce MRI motion artifacts, 3 chick embryos (n = 60 in total) on each ED were scanned by a clinical 3.0T MRI scanner to demonstrate 3D images of both T2- and T1-weighted imaging (T2WI, T1WI) sequences at axial, sagittal, and coronal slices. The volumes of both the entire chick embryo and allantois were semi-automatically segmented based on intensity-based thresholding and region-growing algorithms. The morphometries or quantified 3D structures were achieved by refined segmentation, and confirmed by histological analyses (one for each ED). After MRI, the rest of chick embryos (n = 40) continued for incubation. The images from ED2 to ED4 could demonstrate the structural changes of latebra, suggesting its transition into a nutrient supplying channel of yolk sac. The allantois could be recognized by MRI, and its relative volumes on each ED revealed an evolving profile peaked on ED12, with a statistically significant difference from those of earlier and later EDs (P < 0.01). The hypointensity of the yolk due to the susceptibility effect of its enriched iron content overshadowed the otherwise hyperintensity of its lipid components. The chick embryos survived prior cooling and MRI till hatching on ED21. The results could be further developed into a 3D MRI atlas of chick embryo. Clinical 3.0T MRI proved effective as a noninvasive approach to study in ovo 3D embryonic development across the full period (ED1-ED20), which can complement the present knowhow for poultry industry and biomedical science.

A RRAM-Based True Random Number Generator with 2T1R Architecture for Hardware Security Applications.

Resistance random access memory (RRAM) based true random number generator (TRNG) has great potential to be applied to hardware security owing to its intrinsic switching variability. Especially the high resistance state (HRS) variation is usually taken as the entropy source of RRAM-based TRNG. However, the small HRS variation of RRAM may be introduced owing to fabrication process fluctuations, which may lead to error bits and be vulnerable to noise interference. In this work, we propose an RRAM-based TRNG with a 2T1R architecture scheme, which can effectively distinguish the resistance values of HRS with an accuracy of 1.5 kΩ. As a result, the error bits can be corrected to a certain extent while the noise is suppressed. Finally, a 2T1R RRAM-based TRNG macro is simulated and verified using the 28 nm CMOS process, which suggests its potential for hardware security applications.

Multimodal dynamic and unclonable anti-counterfeiting using robust diamond microparticles on heterogeneous substrate.

The growing prevalence of counterfeit products worldwide poses serious threats to economic security and human health. Developing advanced anti-counterfeiting materials with physical unclonable functions offers an attractive defense strategy. Here, we report multimodal, dynamic and unclonable anti-counterfeiting labels based on diamond microparticles containing silicon-vacancy centers. These chaotic microparticles are heterogeneously grown on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition, facilitating low-cost scalable fabrication. The intrinsically unclonable functions are introduced by the randomized features of each particle. The highly stable signals of photoluminescence from silicon-vacancy centers and light scattering from diamond microparticles can enable high-capacity optical encoding. Moreover, time-dependent encoding is achieved by modulating photoluminescence signals of silicon-vacancy centers via air oxidation. Exploiting the robustness of diamond, the developed labels exhibit ultrahigh stability in extreme application scenarios, including harsh chemical environments, high temperature, mechanical abrasion, and ultraviolet irradiation. Hence, our proposed system can be practically applied immediately as anti-counterfeiting labels in diverse fields.

Multi-Wavelength-Recognizable Memristive Devices via Surface Plasmon Resonance Effect for Color Visual System.

Photoelectric memristor has attracted many attentions thanks to their promising potential in optical communication chips and artificial vision systems. However, the implementation of an artificial visual system based on memristive devices remains a considerable challenge because most photoelectric memristors cannot recognize color. Herein, multi-wavelength recognizable memristive devices based on silver(Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) and porous silicon oxide (SiOx ) nanocomposites are presented. Rely on the effects of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and optical excitation of Ag NPs in SiOx , the set voltage of the device can be gradually reduced. Moreover, the current overshoot problem is alleviated to suppress conducting filament overgrowth after visible light irradiation with different wavelengths, resulting in diverse low resistance states (LRS). Taking advantage of the characteristics of controlled switching voltage and LRS resistance distribution, color image recognition is finally realized in the present work. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) show that the light irradiation plays an important role on resistive switching (RS) process: the photo-assisted Ag ionization leads to a significant reduction of set voltage and overshoot current. This work provides an effective method toward the development of multi-wavelength-recognizable memristive devices for future artificial color vision system.

Doppler Frequency-Shift Information Processing in WOx -Based Memristive Synapse for Auditory Motion Perception.

Auditory motion perception is one crucial capability to decode and discriminate the spatiotemporal information for neuromorphic auditory systems. Doppler frequency-shift feature and interaural time difference (ITD) are two fundamental cues of auditory information processing. In this work, the functions of azimuth detection and velocity detection, as the typical auditory motion perception, are demonstrated in a WOx -based memristive synapse. The WOx memristor presents both the volatile mode (M1) and semi-nonvolatile mode (M2), which are capable of implementing the high-pass filtering and processing the spike trains with a relative timing and frequency shift. In particular, the Doppler frequency-shift information processing for velocity detection is emulated in the WOx memristor based auditory system for the first time, which relies on a scheme of triplet spike-timing-dependent-plasticity in the memristor. These results provide new opportunities for the mimicry of auditory motion perception and enable the auditory sensory system to be applied in future neuromorphic sensing.

Evaluation of Cathode Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Battery: Pitfalls and the Befitting Counter Electrode.

Boosting energy density and reducing the cost of lithium-ion batteries are critical to accelerating their applications in transportation and grid energy storage. Battery design with increasing electrode thickness is an effective way to combine higher energy density and lower cost. However, the evaluation of electrodes with increased thickness is challenging and requires more attention. Here, some pitfalls are to be avoided and a reasonable evaluation strategy is provided for cathode electrodes regarding the choice of counter electrode. Though as the most common counter electrode, lithium metal anode is actually not suitable for evaluating cycling performance, which exhibits fast cell capacity decline, especially, in the case of areal capacity higher than 2 mAh cm-2 . Two commercial anode materials, graphite and Li4 Ti5 O12 (LTO) as the potential alternatives, are systematically evaluated and compared, demonstrating LTO as the more suitable choice. The thick cathode electrode coupled with LTO exhibits excellent rate capability, stable cycling performance, and easy interpretation of charge/discharge profile. The relationship between cell balance and battery performance is further analyzed in detail. This strategy enables a reasonable evaluation of the cathode electrodes and advances the designing of thick electrode.

Asymmetric Bio-epoxidation of Unactivated Alkenes.

Optically active epoxides play important roles in pharmaceutical, agricultural and fine chemical syntheses. There are many chiral medications with pharmacodynamic activity in nature that can be synthesized by chiral epoxides. In recent years, researchers have developed a variety of biocatalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes, which use oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as eco-friendly and low-cost oxidants, to provide better chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity under moderate reaction conditions. In this paper, the advances, opportunities and challenges of the asymmetric epoxidation of unactive alkenes by biocatalyst are reviewed.

Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Field Resistant Isolates of Glomerella cingulata to Pyraclostrobin in China.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) caused by Glomerella cingulata is a destructive disease that results in severe defoliation and fruit spots in apples worldwide. The compound of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole was registered in 2018 in China to control GLS. In 2020, the high-level resistance of G. cingulata to pyraclostrobin was found in the field in Shandong Province, with a resistance frequency of 4.8%. Except for a significant decrease in virulence, there was no fitness penalty in mycelial growth, sporulation, and stress tolerance of G. cingulata associated with the resistance to pyraclostrobin. No cross-resistance was detected between pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole or bromothalonil. The point mutation GGT (G) → GCT (A) at codon 143 in the Cytochrome b (Cytb) gene was identified in the pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates. Molecular docking analysis suggested that G143A significantly alters the affinity of pyraclostrobin to the Cytb protein. Based on the point mutation (G143A) in the Cytb gene, a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences method was developed to detect pyraclostrobin resistance in G. cingulata populations. Results of this study will provide valuable information for the scientific management of GLS.

Polyoxometalate-Viologen Thermochromic Hybrids for Organic Amine Detectors and Memristors with Temperature-Regulating Resistance Switching Characteristics.

There are relatively few reports on the combination of viologen and polyoxometalates (POMs). Herein, we successfully synthesized three viologen-POM-based compounds by in situ transformation of ligands under hydrothermal conditions, namely, {MII(1,4-cby)2[H2(γ-Mo8O26)]}·nH2O (1: M = Ni, n = 4; 2: M = Co, n = 6), and [NiII(1,3-cby)(H2O)4(ß-Mo8O26)0.5]·2H2O (3) (1,4-cby·Cl = 1-(4-carboxy-benzyl)-[4,4']bipyridinyl-1-ium, 1,3-cby·Cl = 1-(3-carboxy-benzyl)-[4,4']bipyridinyl-1-ium). Isostructural compounds 1 and 2 exhibit two-dimensional (2D) layer structures with POMs as linking nodes, while compound 3 shows a one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chain with dissociative POM anions. When the temperature increases, compounds 1-3 show good reversible thermochromism properties and also have a fluorescence quenching effect. Moreover, compounds 1-3 can also be used as detectors for organic amines, especially in the atmosphere of ammonia, ethylenediamine, and diethylamine with an obvious discoloration effect. In addition, compound 1 was used as a material for the preparation of memristors with superior properties (distinct temperature-adjusted resistive switching properties). It shows bipolar resistive switching (RS) behavior at different temperatures of 20, 50, and 100 °C. The results show that the 1-based memristor has good thermal stability, which is important for high-temperature environment applications. It also shows that crystalline viologen-POM-based compounds are ideal candidates for making memristors.

Gradient Graphdiyne Induced Copper and Oxygen Vacancies in Cu0.95 V2 O5 Anodes for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Vacancies can significantly affect the performance of metal oxide materials. Here, a gradient graphdiyne (GDY) induced Cu/O-dual-vacancies abundant Cu0.95 V2 O5 @GDY heterostructure material has been prepared as a competitive fast-charging anode material. Cu0.95 V2 O5 self-catalyzes the growth of gradient GDY with rich alkyne-alkene complex in the inner layer and rich alkyne bonds in the outer layer, leading to the formation of Cu and O vacancies in Cu0.95 V2 O5 . The synergistic effect of vacancies and gradient GDY results in the electron redistribution at the hetero-interface to drive the generation of a built-in electric field. Thus, the Li-ion transport kinetics, electrochemical reaction reversibility and Li storage sites of Cu0.95 V2 O5 are greatly enhanced. The Cu0.95 V2 O5 @GDY anodes show excellent fast-charging performance with high capacities and negligible capacity decay for 10 000 cycles and 20 000 cycles at extremely high current densities of 5 A g-1 and 10 A g-1 , respectively. Over 30 % of capacity can be delivered in 35 seconds.

Detection of Cytb Point Mutation (G143A) that Confers High-Level Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in Glomerella cingulata Using LAMP Method.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) caused by Glomerella cingulata is a newly emerging disease that results in severe defoliation and fruit spots in apples. In China, the compound of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole was registered to control GLS in 2018 and has achieved excellent control efficiency. In this study, we showed that the high-level resistant isolates of G. cingulata to pyraclostrobin, caused by the point mutation at codon 143 (GGT→GCT, G143A) in the cytochrome b gene, has appeared in apple orchards in Shandong Province in 2020, and the resistance frequency was 4.8%. Based on the genotype of the resistant isolates, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of the pyraclostrobin resistance. The LAMP assay was demonstrated to have good specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, and it exhibited high accuracy in detecting pyraclostrobin resistance in the field. This study reported the resistance status of GLS to pyraclostrobin in Shandong Province and developed a molecular tool for the detection of pyraclostrobin resistance, which is of practical significance for the scientific control of GLS.

Investigating on the influence mechanism of sausage of sea bass on calcium absorption and transport based on Caco-2 cell monolayer model.

A monolayer Caco-2 cell model was established to explore the effects of sea bass sausage digestive juice containing phosphate on calcium ion transport. Differential proteins of Caco-2 cells treated with fish sausage juice were detected and analyzed by gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Results revealed that after treatment with 0.23 mg/mL digestive juice of perch sausage in vitro, Caco-2 cell viability was the highest at 72 h (99.84%). Additionally, 0.23 mg/mL digestive juice of perch sausage in vitro significantly increased calcium ion transport. The transfer volume was 1.396 µg/well. Fish sausages containing phosphate significantly affected the protein expression levels of Caco-2 cells. Two hundred one differential proteins were detected, including 114 up-regulated and 87 down-regulated proteins. The main differential proteins included P02795, Q9P0W0, Q96PU5, Q9GZT9 and Q5EBL8. The adjustment ratios of the fish sausage group were 0.7485, 1.373, 1.2535, 0.6775, and 0.809, respectively. The pathway analysis showed that phosphate affected calcium ion absorption and transport through the P02795 enrichment pathway. The fish sausage group showed that the immune-related functions of cells were affected. This study expounds the effects of water-retaining agents on the nutritional quality of aquatic products and provides theoretical support for the research and application of surimi products.